haha.. my A-Level examination will end in 3 weeks time... hopefully i will perform better and do less careless mistakes... :)
by the way, it's extremely hot recently, to make thing worse, here, at my hostel, is seriously polluted with various irritating smokesSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS, especially at night.. yesterday, the moon was red here! See? how serious is the pollution... even the
moon is 'bleeding'.. to those involved please be kind to our only Earth as it's for our own good!!!!!!!
best of luck to you guys!
May you guys be well and happy always!
Saturday, May 30, 2009
Monday, May 25, 2009
statistics S2
Definition (S2)
Justify skewness of a distribution
-mean < median < mode
-negative skewed
For Poisson model
-used when mean = variance
as Y~N(N,N)
Conditions for Poisson distribution:-
-events occur independently/randomly
-events occur singly
-events occur at a constant rate
Conditions for Binomial distribution:-
-fixed number of trial
-independent trials
-only have two possible outcomes
-probability of success is constant
Conditions for Binomial => Poisson = Poi(np)
-n is large, n>50
-p is small, p<0.2
Conditions for Binomial => Normal = N[np, np(1-p)]
-n is large
-p close to 0.5
Condition for Poisson => Normal = N(m,m)
-mean,m>10 or large
Statistic
-a random variable calculated as
-a function of known observation from a population
@-a random variable that is a function of a random sample that contain no other unknown parameter
Population
-a complete collection of items or individual
Census
-is when every member if the population is investigated
-adv: total accuracy
-disadv: time consuming to obtain data and analyse it / expensive / hard to analyse data, difficult to carry out / destructive testing
Sample
-a selection of individual members of population
-adv: saves time / cheaper / easier / used when testing results in destruction of item
-disadv: uncertaincy due to natural variation / uncertaincy due to bias / possible bias as sampling frame incomplete / bias due to subjective choice of sample / bias due to non-response
Sampling Frame
-a list of all sampling units or all the population
Sampling Unit
-individual member of the population or sampling frame
Sampling Distribution
-all possible sample are chosen from a population
-the values of a statistic and the associated probability is a sampling distribution
@-the distribution of all possible sample ... for all sample of size ...
Hypothesis Test
-is a mathematical procedure to examine a value of a population parameter proposed by the null hypothesis compared with an alternative hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis, Ho
-is a claim / assumption that is assumed to be true until it is proven otherwise.
Alternative Hypothesis, H1
-is an alternative claim / assumption that against the null hypothesis, if the null hypothesis is proven false, then the alternative hypothesis will be accepted.
Critical Region
-is the range of values that would lead to rejection of null hypothesis
@-a range of values of a test statistic such that if a value of the test statistic obtained from a particular sample lies on the critical region, than the null hypothesis is rejected
Critical Value(s)
-boundary value(s) of the critical region
Significance Level
-if the probability of a value of the test statistic 'as bad or worse' as that obtained is p, then we reject that null hypothesis when p is less that or equal to the significance level.
How to decide whether one-tailed or two-tailed test is suitable?
-one-tailed:
is suitable for testing whether the parameter of the alternative hypothesis is greater than or less than the parameter of the null hypothesis.
-two-tailed:
is suitable for testing whether the parameter of the alternative hypothesis is different from the parameter of the null hypothesis.
anything you guys wanna add?
may you guys be well and happy always! ^.^
Justify skewness of a distribution
-mean < median < mode
-negative skewed
For Poisson model
-used when mean = variance
as Y~N(N,N)
Conditions for Poisson distribution:-
-events occur independently/randomly
-events occur singly
-events occur at a constant rate
Conditions for Binomial distribution:-
-fixed number of trial
-independent trials
-only have two possible outcomes
-probability of success is constant
Conditions for Binomial => Poisson = Poi(np)
-n is large, n>50
-p is small, p<0.2
Conditions for Binomial => Normal = N[np, np(1-p)]
-n is large
-p close to 0.5
Condition for Poisson => Normal = N(m,m)
-mean,m>10 or large
Statistic
-a random variable calculated as
-a function of known observation from a population
@-a random variable that is a function of a random sample that contain no other unknown parameter
Population
-a complete collection of items or individual
Census
-is when every member if the population is investigated
-adv: total accuracy
-disadv: time consuming to obtain data and analyse it / expensive / hard to analyse data, difficult to carry out / destructive testing
Sample
-a selection of individual members of population
-adv: saves time / cheaper / easier / used when testing results in destruction of item
-disadv: uncertaincy due to natural variation / uncertaincy due to bias / possible bias as sampling frame incomplete / bias due to subjective choice of sample / bias due to non-response
Sampling Frame
-a list of all sampling units or all the population
Sampling Unit
-individual member of the population or sampling frame
Sampling Distribution
-all possible sample are chosen from a population
-the values of a statistic and the associated probability is a sampling distribution
@-the distribution of all possible sample ... for all sample of size ...
Hypothesis Test
-is a mathematical procedure to examine a value of a population parameter proposed by the null hypothesis compared with an alternative hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis, Ho
-is a claim / assumption that is assumed to be true until it is proven otherwise.
Alternative Hypothesis, H1
-is an alternative claim / assumption that against the null hypothesis, if the null hypothesis is proven false, then the alternative hypothesis will be accepted.
Critical Region
-is the range of values that would lead to rejection of null hypothesis
@-a range of values of a test statistic such that if a value of the test statistic obtained from a particular sample lies on the critical region, than the null hypothesis is rejected
Critical Value(s)
-boundary value(s) of the critical region
Significance Level
-if the probability of a value of the test statistic 'as bad or worse' as that obtained is p, then we reject that null hypothesis when p is less that or equal to the significance level.
How to decide whether one-tailed or two-tailed test is suitable?
-one-tailed:
is suitable for testing whether the parameter of the alternative hypothesis is greater than or less than the parameter of the null hypothesis.
-two-tailed:
is suitable for testing whether the parameter of the alternative hypothesis is different from the parameter of the null hypothesis.
anything you guys wanna add?
may you guys be well and happy always! ^.^
Friday, May 15, 2009
PS!!!
hey guys...
I was down last week NOT because of i 'putus cinta'..
don't misunderstand... it was because of one of my titanic sank...
now, I'm fine.. the titanic turned to ferry now... no more titanic for me currently... =.= hopefully the titanic might come soon...
haha.. I am not loving anyone since last year... (=>=) family members are the best after all...
may you guys be well and happy always!
best of luck for your A-Level! must get 1800!!! (^.^)
I was down last week NOT because of i 'putus cinta'..
don't misunderstand... it was because of one of my titanic sank...
now, I'm fine.. the titanic turned to ferry now... no more titanic for me currently... =.= hopefully the titanic might come soon...
haha.. I am not loving anyone since last year... (=>=) family members are the best after all...
may you guys be well and happy always!
best of luck for your A-Level! must get 1800!!! (^.^)
fact?
what we hear,
might just a rumour...
what we see,
might just a illusion...
even..
what we understand,
might just a fallacy...
what we experience,
what we feel,
deep into our heart,
is the fact???
might just a rumour...
what we see,
might just a illusion...
even..
what we understand,
might just a fallacy...
what we experience,
what we feel,
deep into our heart,
is the fact???
Sunday, May 10, 2009
mirror...
this morning, i went to jog alone,
and i met Nazreen (my classmate)..
at first, i did not notice that it was her, then she called me..
what she told me had reminded me that human is just like a mirror to each other, though there are still lots of special cases..
she said, ' i can't see you, and you can't see me!' (at that time both of us did not wear spec)
this reminded me the fact that people will treat you just the way you treat them.
if you treated them badly, then for sure, they will treat you the same;
exclude those who are really noble and saints...
but, if you think that you have treated them nicely but they still can't get it,
them perhaps both of with are in different channels and frequency are not the same;
or else...??
therefore, we have to treat others just as the ways you want them to treat us.
************************************************************************************
"Love is blind, friendship close one eye." Whenever you see your enemy's mistake, though it is just a tiny one, for most of the ordinary people, you will amplify it and spread it allover the world; but,when your friends make mistakes, may it be a tiny one or huge, most probably you will choose not to inform them, as you might worry that it will cause troublesssss to both of you; but to me, i would like to be differ, as i know that that are all for my own good. I believe that's the basic quality of true friend, he or she is worth appreciate, and of course not telling me the bad things openly.
so, my friends, comments and even critics are most welcome. ^.^
may all of you be well and happy always! ^.^
and i met Nazreen (my classmate)..
at first, i did not notice that it was her, then she called me..
what she told me had reminded me that human is just like a mirror to each other, though there are still lots of special cases..
she said, ' i can't see you, and you can't see me!' (at that time both of us did not wear spec)
this reminded me the fact that people will treat you just the way you treat them.
if you treated them badly, then for sure, they will treat you the same;
exclude those who are really noble and saints...
but, if you think that you have treated them nicely but they still can't get it,
them perhaps both of with are in different channels and frequency are not the same;
or else...??
therefore, we have to treat others just as the ways you want them to treat us.
************************************************************************************
"Love is blind, friendship close one eye." Whenever you see your enemy's mistake, though it is just a tiny one, for most of the ordinary people, you will amplify it and spread it allover the world; but,when your friends make mistakes, may it be a tiny one or huge, most probably you will choose not to inform them, as you might worry that it will cause troublesssss to both of you; but to me, i would like to be differ, as i know that that are all for my own good. I believe that's the basic quality of true friend, he or she is worth appreciate, and of course not telling me the bad things openly.
so, my friends, comments and even critics are most welcome. ^.^
may all of you be well and happy always! ^.^
Saturday, May 9, 2009
ship...
photo grabbed from http://www.mmem.spschools.org/2F.9798/Titanic/Titanic.Images/sinking.jpeg
there is a relationship which
needed by each and everyone of us
for our own benefits...
there is a relationship which
both parties using each other...
there is a relationship which
ends when one of the party get enough from the other...
there is a relationship which
ultimately base on the 'price' of both party;
when one party loses its value,
then the ship will just sink...
there is a relationship which
only focus on using others more
when the party being used realize,
then again the ship will sink...
this relationship
is needed by everyone
helping everyone at that particular moment
prior to destroying them...
I'm not a pessimist,
just can't deny these soul broken facts...
may you guys be well and happy always!
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
catalyst??
pic grabbed from http://www.catalyst-intl.org/images/join_i_am_a_catalyst.jpg
catalyst??
not again...
may be i am not good enough to be the reactants,
not even one of them...
T.T
but i am quite sure that i am a multipurpose catalyst,
as it's third or even more times now i catalysts some reactions successfully.
the new,
is always better than the old..
it...
might be true..
but..
spouse,
is always better than friends..
i don't want to believe
still..
it's fact..
i used to be happy as a catalyst,
as i know it's not the high time to be the reactant;
yet, lao ying said that if we catalysts for more than two times,
we will never be reactant..
hopefully it's just a fallacies.
i do want to be reactant,
just for once,
and it will be for the rest of my life.
^.^
haha...
may you guys be well and happy always!
summer???
summer?
no
no!
i don't think it's suitable right now,
though i really hope that it will be;
i did dream that i will be,
when i create this blog;
yet,
it seem so far from me now.
winter should be more suitable,
as it's my feeling right now.
but...
autumn might be better,
as the fallen leaves,
picture grabbed from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/FL_autumn_leaves.jpg
just like debries of my broken heart???
cry?
don't and couldn't help...
and it's not worth..
share?
just make you look weak...
keep it?
just make you meet your God earlier..
so.. how??
('.')???
sleep first lor...
'don't worry, everything will just be fine.'
as what the hero said in most of the movies ma... =.=
may you guys be well and happy always!
good night and sweet dreamsSSSSSS...
no
no!
i don't think it's suitable right now,
though i really hope that it will be;
i did dream that i will be,
when i create this blog;
yet,
it seem so far from me now.
winter should be more suitable,
as it's my feeling right now.
but...
autumn might be better,
as the fallen leaves,
picture grabbed from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/FL_autumn_leaves.jpg
just like debries of my broken heart???
cry?
don't and couldn't help...
and it's not worth..
share?
just make you look weak...
keep it?
just make you meet your God earlier..
so.. how??
('.')???
sleep first lor...
'don't worry, everything will just be fine.'
as what the hero said in most of the movies ma... =.=
may you guys be well and happy always!
good night and sweet dreamsSSSSSS...
friends..???
just came back from dinner...
the dish should be delicious,
yet, to me..
it is just tasteless.
'Just for jokes' shouldn't be that funny,
yet, just now..
it became exceptionally funny program;
and...
i laugh for so loud,
as i found the meaning of fun,
at that particular moment...
as it has been so far from me recently.
friends are just beside me,
yet, to me...
they are so far from me.
so near.. and
yet so far...
************************************************************
we might be close for now,
but none of us can predict what will happen tomorrow,
not even next hour..
neither next minute
nor next second.
things might just pop up from nowhere,
and none of us are prepared for it;
so..
it will be the time judge our friendship,
and i failed..
again and again;
i am not pessimist (may be yes, but i don't think so lor..),
it is just the facts that i cannot deny;
i might fooled those around me,
still...
i cann't even convince myself that it's true.
fight or flight...
still depend on me..
i have chosen both before,
yet,
i am still the loser no matter what...
fight..
face it..
might not be as hard as i imagine,
yet
flight..
ran away from it
might be the better way...
=.=
appreciate those around you,
especially you friends,
enjoy every moment you have with them,
as you have to believe me,
that you will never want to find out..
what it taste lossing them...
may you guys be well and happy always!
P/S: i am not talking about what happened recently but it's about what i experienced from my secondary school until now..
the dish should be delicious,
yet, to me..
it is just tasteless.
'Just for jokes' shouldn't be that funny,
yet, just now..
it became exceptionally funny program;
and...
i laugh for so loud,
as i found the meaning of fun,
at that particular moment...
as it has been so far from me recently.
friends are just beside me,
yet, to me...
they are so far from me.
so near.. and
yet so far...
************************************************************
we might be close for now,
but none of us can predict what will happen tomorrow,
not even next hour..
neither next minute
nor next second.
things might just pop up from nowhere,
and none of us are prepared for it;
so..
it will be the time judge our friendship,
and i failed..
again and again;
i am not pessimist (may be yes, but i don't think so lor..),
it is just the facts that i cannot deny;
i might fooled those around me,
still...
i cann't even convince myself that it's true.
fight or flight...
still depend on me..
i have chosen both before,
yet,
i am still the loser no matter what...
fight..
face it..
might not be as hard as i imagine,
yet
flight..
ran away from it
might be the better way...
=.=
appreciate those around you,
especially you friends,
enjoy every moment you have with them,
as you have to believe me,
that you will never want to find out..
what it taste lossing them...
may you guys be well and happy always!
P/S: i am not talking about what happened recently but it's about what i experienced from my secondary school until now..
Tuesday, May 5, 2009
HURT.......
friends...
are those you share everything with,
whilst they don't?
though...
it is not the first time,
yet...
it's hurt;
even harder each time.
(i do think that i will be fine next time, yet, i failed again... (T.T))
friends...
are those you understand,
whilst they don't?
though...
i don't understand them,
yet they should understand me...
(hah.. i am fine now... it's equal...)
the past,
let it go...
the future,
be aware...
i don't think i can stand it again for near future... it really hurt... even harder than 'putus cinta' though i haven't experience it.. (it might be harder,right??) for the time being friendship still the most important 'ship' for me...
though...
i did choose carefully;
yet,
the results are still the same...
those i care for..
don't care about me...
those important to me..
I'm not equally important to them...
those i share everything with..
don't do so in return..
still..
I'm the one who should be blame
for..
too demanding...
(T.T)
still..
may you guys be well and happy always!